¿Cómo usan el teléfono móvil los niños de Castilla y León? / How do children in Castilla y León use their mobile phones?

Introducción: los teléfonos móviles suponen una gran herramienta de comunicación entre iguales, pero un uso inapropiado puede repercutir en las relaciones familiares, sociales y en el rendimiento escolar. Objetivos: el objetivo principal del trabajo fue estudiar el uso del teléfono móvil en la población pediátrica de varias áreas de salud de Castilla y León. Material y métodos: estudio multicéntrico prospectivo en varios centros de salud y un hospital comarcal. Se pasó una encuesta a padres de niños que acudían a consulta y a los adolescentes que lo desearon, quienes también respondieron a un test de dependencia (TDM). Resultados: el móvil es el dispositivo electrónico que más usaban los niños para navegar por Internet. La media de edad en la que tuvieron el primer móvil propio fue de 10,35 años; la mayoría, con acceso a Internet. El 68% de ellos accedía sin ningún control parental. El 70% de padres establecieron unas normas al proporcionárselo. Un tercio reconocían que estas no se cumplían. El número de horas diarias de uso aumentaba según la edad de los niños. De los adolescentes, más del 50% lo usaba más de dos horas al día. Los más pequeños lo utilizaban para ver vídeos y los mayores para chatear y redes sociales. El uso del móvil se relacionaba con el uso de gafas, pero no con el rendimiento académico, problemas de sueño ni práctica de deporte. En el TDM se observaron muchas respuestas positivas en los ítems de los cuatro apartados en los que se divide el test, especialmente en el de falta de control. Conclusiones: la media de edad de adquisición del primer teléfono móvil propio es menor de la recomendada. Su abuso puede generar conductas con rasgos de adicción (AU)

Introduction: mobile phones are a great communication tool between equals, but inappropriate use can affect family and social relationships and school performance.Objectives: the main objective of this work was to study the use of mobile phones in the pediatric population of several health areas in Castilla y León.Material and methods: prospective multicenter study in several health centers and a regional hospital.A survey was passed to parents of children who attended the consultation, and to adolescents who wished to, who also responded to a dependency test (TDM).Results: the mobile is the electronic device that children used the most to surf the Internet. The average age at which they had their first mobile phone was 10.35 years, most of them with Internet access.68% of them accessed without any parental control. 70% of parents established rules of operating. A third recognized that these rules were not fulfilled.The number of hours per day of use increased with the age of the children. More than 50% of the adolescents used it for more than two hours a day. The little ones used it to watch videos and the older ones to chat and social networks.The use of the mobile phone was related to the use of glasses, but not with academic performance, sleep problems or sports practice.In the TDM many positive responses were observed in the items of the four sections into which the test is divided, especially in the lack of control.Conclusions: the average age for acquiring their first mobile phone is lower than the recommended age. Its abuse can generate behaviors with traits of addiction. (AU)

[Validation of a questionnaire on attitudes and practice of physical activity and other healthy habits through the Delphi method]. / Validación de un cuestionario sobre actitudes y práctica de actividad física y otros hábitos saludables mediante el método Delphi.

OBJECTIVE: Physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle are an emerging individual, familiar and social public health problem. The aim of this work was to validate a new questionnaire to know the attitude towards physical activity and other habits in adolescents. METHODS: The Delphi method was used. It was developed in three phases: an initial phase of selection of the panel of experts, an exploratory phase in two rounds of voting using a Likert scale of 1 to 5, and statistical and qualitative analysis of the experts' contributions. The criteria for the choice of items were: average >3.5 and factor V of Aiken ≥0.7. Reliability was assessed with the Cronbach alpha coefficient. A pilot test was carried out to assess the understanding of the instrument. RESULTS: 21 experts agreed to participate. Their participation was 100% in the first round and 95.2% in the second one. Seven items did not meet the criteria. The final questionnaire included 93 questions and 11 dimensions: data of the student, father, mother, physical activity in the educational center, transportation, free time, psychosocial aspects of physical activity, attitude towards physical activity, food, other habits and health perception. A Cronbach's alpha of 0.974 was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. The Delphi method proved to be a useful technique for the proposed objective.

OBJETIVO: La inactividad física y el sedentarismo son un problema de salud pública emergente, tanto a nivel individual como familiar y social. El objetivo de este estudio fue validar un nuevo cuestionario para conocer la actitud ante la actividad física y otros hábitos de los adolescentes. METODOS: Se utilizó el método Delphi. Se llevó a cabo una fase inicial de selección del panel de expertos, una fase exploratoria en dos rondas de votación mediante escala tipo Likert (de 1 a 5), y un análisis estadístico y cualitativo de las aportaciones de los expertos. Los criterios para la elección de ítems fueron un promedio mayor a 3,5 y V de Aiken mayor o igual a 0,7. La fiabilidad se valoró con el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Se realizó una prueba piloto para valorar la comprensión del instrumento. RESULTADOS: Aceptaron participar 21 expertos. Su participación fue del 100% en la primera ronda y del 95,2% en la segunda. Siete ítems incumplieron los criterios. El cuestionario final contó con 93 preguntas y 11 dimensiones: datos sobre el alumno, el padre, la madre, la actividad física en el centro educativo, en el transporte y en el tiempo libre, sobre los aspectos psicosociales de la práctica de actividad física, la actitud ante la actividad física, la alimentación y otros hábitos, y sobre la percepción de salud. Se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0,974. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados avalan la fiabilidad y validez del cuestionario. El método Delphi resultó ser una técnica útil para el objetivo propuesto.

Management and Systemic Implications of Diabetic Neovascular Glaucoma.

OBJECTIVES: To study the efficacy and safety of different treatments for diabetic neovascular glaucoma (NVG). We additionally attempt to determine if the presence of NVG could be a predictor of cardiovascular disease or death. METHOD: This is a retrospective, observational cohort study including patients diagnosed with diabetic NVG from 2006 to 2016 at the Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid (Spain). Extracted data included clinical characteristics of the patients, glycated haemoglobin levels, and ocular treatment. Visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), cardiovascular events, and deaths were registered. RESULTS: 30 eyes from 23 patients were followed for a mean of 4.48 years (SD = 2.82 years). The IOP-lowering intervention groups were: Ahmed implant (11 eyes), laser cyclo-photocoagulation (CPC; 6 eyes), both (4 eyes), or none (9 eyes). IOP success was achieved in 100% of the eyes with Ahmed and/or laser CPC and in 44.4% of the eyes with no IOP-lowering procedure (p= 0.002). Most eyes with Ahmed implant (with or without CPC) maintained or improved their VA (100 and 63.6%, respectively). 33.3% of the eyes with laser CPC and 25% of those with no IOP-lowering intervention maintained or improved their VA (p = 0.028). Hypotony was the only adverse effect (after laser CPC). No statistically significant difference could be established between low VA (finger count or worse), poor IOP control, or bad metabolic control and mortality or cardiovascular event (p > 0.05), however, the four patients who died had poor VA at the time of NVG diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Ahmed implant surgery is a safe and effective treatment option for diabetic NVG. Medical treatment alone is not the best option for most cases. Advanced NVG could be an indicator of higher mortality risk in diabetic patients.

[Hospital Emergencies Associated with the Consumption of Hypnotics and Sedatives, 2009-2013,Castilla y León, Spain]. / Urgencias hospitalarias asociadas al consumo de hipnóticos y sedantes, Castilla y León, 2009-2013.

OBJECTIVE: Household Survey on Alcohol and Other Drugs shows the progressive increase in the consumption of hypnotics, alone or in combination with other substances. The aim of the research was to obtain information about the consumption of hypnotics and sedatives in population of Castilla y León treated in emergency medical services of four monitored hospitals between 2009-2013, describing clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the emergencies and what drugs were consumed, to provide information for future interventions. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done by analyzing 3,089 emergencies related to consumption of hypnotics and sedatives, obtained from Emergency Indicator related to the use of psychoactive substances of the National Observatory on Drugs. There were used χ2 test for comparing proportions and t Student test for means. RESULTS: The total number of emergencies was 3,089, ranging in years of study. In 1,814 cases they were consumed only hypnosedatives; 64.7% women and average age of 41 years. The most frequent diagnosis was overdose/attempted suicide with benzodiazepines (29.3%), being lorazepam the most consumed. In 23.3% of cases it was consumed more than one hypnosedative and 9% was associated with psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The number of emergencies related to the consumption of at least one hypnosedative in the monitored hospitals in the period studied presented high levels especially in middle-aged women with no psychiatric disorder to justify their use. Benzodiazepines were the most consumed hypnotics, cause of overdose/attempted suicide episodes.